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DESIGN.md

Design System Inspiration of Linear

1. Visual Theme & Atmosphere

Linear's website is a masterclass in dark-mode-first product design — a near-black canvas (#08090a) where content emerges from darkness like starlight. The overall impression is one of extreme precision engineering: every element exists in a carefully calibrated hierarchy of luminance, from barely-visible borders (rgba(255,255,255,0.05)) to soft, luminous text (#f7f8f8). This is not a dark theme applied to a light design — it is darkness as the native medium, where information density is managed through subtle gradations of white opacity rather than color variation.

The typography system is built entirely on Inter Variable with OpenType features "cv01" and "ss03" enabled globally, giving the typeface a cleaner, more geometric character. Inter is used at a remarkable range of weights — from 300 (light body) through 510 (medium, Linear's signature weight) to 590 (semibold emphasis). The 510 weight is particularly distinctive: it sits between regular and medium, creating a subtle emphasis that doesn't shout. At display sizes (72px, 64px, 48px), Inter uses aggressive negative letter-spacing (-1.584px to -1.056px), creating compressed, authoritative headlines that feel engineered rather than designed. Berkeley Mono serves as the monospace companion for code and technical labels, with fallbacks to ui-monospace, SF Mono, and Menlo.

The color system is almost entirely achromatic — dark backgrounds with white/gray text — punctuated by a single brand accent: Linear's signature indigo-violet (#5e6ad2 for backgrounds, #7170ff for interactive accents). This accent color is used sparingly and intentionally, appearing only on CTAs, active states, and brand elements. The border system uses ultra-thin, semi-transparent white borders (rgba(255,255,255,0.05) to rgba(255,255,255,0.08)) that create structure without visual noise, like wireframes drawn in moonlight.

Key Characteristics:

  • Dark-mode-native: #08090a marketing background, #0f1011 panel background, #191a1b elevated surfaces
  • Inter Variable with "cv01", "ss03" globally — geometric alternates for a cleaner aesthetic
  • Signature weight 510 (between regular and medium) for most UI text
  • Aggressive negative letter-spacing at display sizes (-1.584px at 72px, -1.056px at 48px)
  • Brand indigo-violet: #5e6ad2 (bg) / #7170ff (accent) / #828fff (hover) — the only chromatic color in the system
  • Semi-transparent white borders throughout: rgba(255,255,255,0.05) to rgba(255,255,255,0.08)
  • Button backgrounds at near-zero opacity: rgba(255,255,255,0.02) to rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Multi-layered shadows with inset variants for depth on dark surfaces
  • Radix UI primitives as the component foundation (6 detected primitives)
  • Success green (#27a644, #10b981) used only for status indicators

2. Color Palette & Roles

Background Surfaces

  • Marketing Black (#010102 / #08090a): The deepest background — the canvas for hero sections and marketing pages. Near-pure black with an imperceptible blue-cool undertone.
  • Panel Dark (#0f1011): Sidebar and panel backgrounds. One step up from the marketing black.
  • Level 3 Surface (#191a1b): Elevated surface areas, card backgrounds, dropdowns.
  • Secondary Surface (#28282c): The lightest dark surface — used for hover states and slightly elevated components.

Text & Content

  • Primary Text (#f7f8f8): Near-white with a barely-warm cast. The default text color — not pure white, preventing eye strain on dark backgrounds.
  • Secondary Text (#d0d6e0): Cool silver-gray for body text, descriptions, and secondary content.
  • Tertiary Text (#8a8f98): Muted gray for placeholders, metadata, and de-emphasized content.
  • Quaternary Text (#62666d): The most subdued text — timestamps, disabled states, subtle labels.

Brand & Accent

  • Brand Indigo (#5e6ad2): Primary brand color — used for CTA button backgrounds, brand marks, and key interactive surfaces.
  • Accent Violet (#7170ff): Brighter variant for interactive elements — links, active states, selected items.
  • Accent Hover (#828fff): Lighter, more saturated variant for hover states on accent elements.
  • Security Lavender (#7a7fad): Muted indigo used specifically for security-related UI elements.

Status Colors

  • Green (#27a644): Primary success/active status. Used for "in progress" indicators.
  • Emerald (#10b981): Secondary success — pill badges, completion states.

Border & Divider

  • Border Primary (#23252a): Solid dark border for prominent separations.
  • Border Secondary (#34343a): Slightly lighter solid border.
  • Border Tertiary (#3e3e44): Lightest solid border variant.
  • Border Subtle (rgba(255,255,255,0.05)): Ultra-subtle semi-transparent border — the default.
  • Border Standard (rgba(255,255,255,0.08)): Standard semi-transparent border for cards, inputs, code blocks.
  • Line Tint (#141516): Nearly invisible line for the subtlest divisions.
  • Line Tertiary (#18191a): Slightly more visible divider line.

Light Mode Neutrals (for light theme contexts)

  • Light Background (#f7f8f8): Page background in light mode.
  • Light Surface (#f3f4f5 / #f5f6f7): Subtle surface tinting.
  • Light Border (#d0d6e0): Visible border in light contexts.
  • Light Border Alt (#e6e6e6): Alternative lighter border.
  • Pure White (#ffffff): Card surfaces, highlights.

Overlay

  • Overlay Primary (rgba(0,0,0,0.85)): Modal/dialog backdrop — extremely dark for focus isolation.

3. Typography Rules

Font Family

  • Primary: Inter Variable, with fallbacks: SF Pro Display, -apple-system, system-ui, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Open Sans, Helvetica Neue
  • Monospace: Berkeley Mono, with fallbacks: ui-monospace, SF Mono, Menlo
  • OpenType Features: "cv01", "ss03" enabled globally — cv01 provides an alternate lowercase 'a' (single-story), ss03 adjusts specific letterforms for a cleaner geometric appearance.

Hierarchy

Role Font Size Weight Line Height Letter Spacing Notes
Display XL Inter Variable 72px (4.50rem) 510 1.00 (tight) -1.584px Hero headlines, maximum impact
Display Large Inter Variable 64px (4.00rem) 510 1.00 (tight) -1.408px Secondary hero text
Display Inter Variable 48px (3.00rem) 510 1.00 (tight) -1.056px Section headlines
Heading 1 Inter Variable 32px (2.00rem) 400 1.13 (tight) -0.704px Major section titles
Heading 2 Inter Variable 24px (1.50rem) 400 1.33 -0.288px Sub-section headings
Heading 3 Inter Variable 20px (1.25rem) 590 1.33 -0.24px Feature titles, card headers
Body Large Inter Variable 18px (1.13rem) 400 1.60 (relaxed) -0.165px Introduction text, feature descriptions
Body Emphasis Inter Variable 17px (1.06rem) 590 1.60 (relaxed) normal Emphasized body, sub-headings in content
Body Inter Variable 16px (1.00rem) 400 1.50 normal Standard reading text
Body Medium Inter Variable 16px (1.00rem) 510 1.50 normal Navigation, labels
Body Semibold Inter Variable 16px (1.00rem) 590 1.50 normal Strong emphasis
Small Inter Variable 15px (0.94rem) 400 1.60 (relaxed) -0.165px Secondary body text
Small Medium Inter Variable 15px (0.94rem) 510 1.60 (relaxed) -0.165px Emphasized small text
Small Semibold Inter Variable 15px (0.94rem) 590 1.60 (relaxed) -0.165px Strong small text
Small Light Inter Variable 15px (0.94rem) 300 1.47 -0.165px De-emphasized body
Caption Large Inter Variable 14px (0.88rem) 510–590 1.50 -0.182px Sub-labels, category headers
Caption Inter Variable 13px (0.81rem) 400–510 1.50 -0.13px Metadata, timestamps
Label Inter Variable 12px (0.75rem) 400–590 1.40 normal Button text, small labels
Micro Inter Variable 11px (0.69rem) 510 1.40 normal Tiny labels
Tiny Inter Variable 10px (0.63rem) 400–510 1.50 -0.15px Overline text, sometimes uppercase
Link Large Inter Variable 16px (1.00rem) 400 1.50 normal Standard links
Link Medium Inter Variable 15px (0.94rem) 510 2.67 normal Spaced navigation links
Link Small Inter Variable 14px (0.88rem) 510 1.50 normal Compact links
Link Caption Inter Variable 13px (0.81rem) 400–510 1.50 -0.13px Footer, metadata links
Mono Body Berkeley Mono 14px (0.88rem) 400 1.50 normal Code blocks
Mono Caption Berkeley Mono 13px (0.81rem) 400 1.50 normal Code labels
Mono Label Berkeley Mono 12px (0.75rem) 400 1.40 normal Code metadata, sometimes uppercase

Principles

  • 510 is the signature weight: Linear uses Inter Variable's 510 weight (between regular 400 and medium 500) as its default emphasis weight. This creates a subtly bolded feel without the heaviness of traditional medium or semibold.
  • Compression at scale: Display sizes use progressively tighter letter-spacing — -1.584px at 72px, -1.408px at 64px, -1.056px at 48px, -0.704px at 32px. Below 24px, spacing relaxes toward normal.
  • OpenType as identity: "cv01", "ss03" aren't decorative — they transform Inter into Linear's distinctive typeface, giving it a more geometric, purposeful character.
  • Three-tier weight system: 400 (reading), 510 (emphasis/UI), 590 (strong emphasis). The 300 weight appears only in deliberately de-emphasized contexts.

4. Component Stylings

Buttons

Ghost Button (Default)

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02)
  • Text: #e2e4e7 (near-white)
  • Padding: comfortable
  • Radius: 6px
  • Border: 1px solid rgb(36, 40, 44)
  • Outline: none
  • Focus shadow: rgba(0,0,0,0.1) 0px 4px 12px
  • Use: Standard actions, secondary CTAs

Subtle Button

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.04)
  • Text: #d0d6e0 (silver-gray)
  • Padding: 0px 6px
  • Radius: 6px
  • Use: Toolbar actions, contextual buttons

Primary Brand Button (Inferred)

  • Background: #5e6ad2 (brand indigo)
  • Text: #ffffff
  • Padding: 8px 16px
  • Radius: 6px
  • Hover: #828fff shift
  • Use: Primary CTAs ("Start building", "Sign up")

Icon Button (Circle)

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03) or rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Text: #f7f8f8 or #ffffff
  • Radius: 50%
  • Border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08)
  • Use: Close, menu toggle, icon-only actions

Pill Button

  • Background: transparent
  • Text: #d0d6e0
  • Padding: 0px 10px 0px 5px
  • Radius: 9999px
  • Border: 1px solid rgb(35, 37, 42)
  • Use: Filter chips, tags, status indicators

Small Toolbar Button

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Text: #62666d (muted)
  • Radius: 2px
  • Border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Shadow: rgba(0,0,0,0.03) 0px 1.2px 0px 0px
  • Font: 12px weight 510
  • Use: Toolbar actions, quick-access controls

Cards & Containers

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02) to rgba(255,255,255,0.05) (never solid — always translucent)
  • Border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08) (standard) or 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.05) (subtle)
  • Radius: 8px (standard), 12px (featured), 22px (large panels)
  • Shadow: rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 0px 0px 0px 1px or layered multi-shadow stacks
  • Hover: subtle background opacity increase

Inputs & Forms

Text Area

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02)
  • Text: #d0d6e0
  • Border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08)
  • Padding: 12px 14px
  • Radius: 6px

Search Input

  • Background: transparent
  • Text: #f7f8f8
  • Padding: 1px 32px (icon-aware)

Button-style Input

  • Text: #8a8f98
  • Padding: 1px 6px
  • Radius: 5px
  • Focus shadow: multi-layer stack

Badges & Pills

Success Pill

  • Background: #10b981
  • Text: #f7f8f8
  • Radius: 50% (circular)
  • Font: 10px weight 510
  • Use: Status dots, completion indicators

Neutral Pill

  • Background: transparent
  • Text: #d0d6e0
  • Padding: 0px 10px 0px 5px
  • Radius: 9999px
  • Border: 1px solid rgb(35, 37, 42)
  • Font: 12px weight 510
  • Use: Tags, filter chips, category labels

Subtle Badge

  • Background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Text: #f7f8f8
  • Padding: 0px 8px 0px 2px
  • Radius: 2px
  • Border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Font: 10px weight 510
  • Use: Inline labels, version tags

Navigation

  • Dark sticky header on near-black background
  • Linear logomark left-aligned (SVG icon)
  • Links: Inter Variable 13–14px weight 510, #d0d6e0 text
  • Active/hover: text lightens to #f7f8f8
  • CTA: Brand indigo button or ghost button
  • Mobile: hamburger collapse
  • Search: command palette trigger (/ or Cmd+K)

Image Treatment

  • Product screenshots on dark backgrounds with subtle border (rgba(255,255,255,0.08))
  • Top-rounded images: 12px 12px 0px 0px radius
  • Dashboard/issue previews dominate feature sections
  • Subtle shadow beneath screenshots: rgba(0,0,0,0.4) 0px 2px 4px

5. Layout Principles

Spacing System

  • Base unit: 8px
  • Scale: 1px, 4px, 7px, 8px, 11px, 12px, 16px, 19px, 20px, 22px, 24px, 28px, 32px, 35px
  • The 7px and 11px values suggest micro-adjustments for optical alignment
  • Primary rhythm: 8px, 16px, 24px, 32px (standard 8px grid)

Grid & Container

  • Max content width: approximately 1200px
  • Hero: centered single-column with generous vertical padding
  • Feature sections: 2–3 column grids for feature cards
  • Full-width dark sections with internal max-width constraints
  • Changelog: single-column timeline layout

Whitespace Philosophy

  • Darkness as space: On Linear's dark canvas, empty space isn't white — it's absence. The near-black background IS the whitespace, and content emerges from it.
  • Compressed headlines, expanded surroundings: Display text at 72px with -1.584px tracking is dense and compressed, but sits within vast dark padding. The contrast between typographic density and spatial generosity creates tension.
  • Section isolation: Each feature section is separated by generous vertical padding (80px+) with no visible dividers — the dark background provides natural separation.

Border Radius Scale

  • Micro (2px): Inline badges, toolbar buttons, subtle tags
  • Standard (4px): Small containers, list items
  • Comfortable (6px): Buttons, inputs, functional elements
  • Card (8px): Cards, dropdowns, popovers
  • Panel (12px): Panels, featured cards, section containers
  • Large (22px): Large panel elements
  • Full Pill (9999px): Chips, filter pills, status tags
  • Circle (50%): Icon buttons, avatars, status dots

6. Depth & Elevation

Level Treatment Use
Flat (Level 0) No shadow, #010102 bg Page background, deepest canvas
Subtle (Level 1) rgba(0,0,0,0.03) 0px 1.2px 0px Toolbar buttons, micro-elevation
Surface (Level 2) rgba(255,255,255,0.05) bg + 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08) border Cards, input fields, containers
Inset (Level 2b) rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 0px 0px 12px 0px inset Recessed panels, inner shadows
Ring (Level 3) rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 0px 0px 0px 1px Border-as-shadow technique
Elevated (Level 4) rgba(0,0,0,0.4) 0px 2px 4px Floating elements, dropdowns
Dialog (Level 5) Multi-layer stack: rgba(0,0,0,0) 0px 8px 2px, rgba(0,0,0,0.01) 0px 5px 2px, rgba(0,0,0,0.04) 0px 3px 2px, rgba(0,0,0,0.07) 0px 1px 1px, rgba(0,0,0,0.08) 0px 0px 1px Popovers, command palette, modals
Focus rgba(0,0,0,0.1) 0px 4px 12px + additional layers Keyboard focus on interactive elements

Shadow Philosophy: On dark surfaces, traditional shadows (dark on dark) are nearly invisible. Linear solves this by using semi-transparent white borders as the primary depth indicator. Elevation isn't communicated through shadow darkness but through background luminance steps — each level slightly increases the white opacity of the surface background (0.02 → 0.04 → 0.05), creating a subtle stacking effect. The inset shadow technique (rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 0px 0px 12px 0px inset) creates a unique "sunken" effect for recessed panels, adding dimensional depth that traditional dark themes lack.

7. Do's and Don'ts

Do

  • Use Inter Variable with "cv01", "ss03" on ALL text — these features are fundamental to Linear's typeface identity
  • Use weight 510 as your default emphasis weight — it's Linear's signature between-weight
  • Apply aggressive negative letter-spacing at display sizes (-1.584px at 72px, -1.056px at 48px)
  • Build on near-black backgrounds: #08090a for marketing, #0f1011 for panels, #191a1b for elevated surfaces
  • Use semi-transparent white borders (rgba(255,255,255,0.05) to rgba(255,255,255,0.08)) instead of solid dark borders
  • Keep button backgrounds nearly transparent: rgba(255,255,255,0.02) to rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Reserve brand indigo (#5e6ad2 / #7170ff) for primary CTAs and interactive accents only
  • Use #f7f8f8 for primary text — not pure #ffffff, which would be too harsh
  • Apply the luminance stacking model: deeper = darker bg, elevated = slightly lighter bg

Don't

  • Don't use pure white (#ffffff) as primary text — #f7f8f8 prevents eye strain
  • Don't use solid colored backgrounds for buttons — transparency is the system (rgba white at 0.02–0.05)
  • Don't apply the brand indigo decoratively — it's reserved for interactive/CTA elements only
  • Don't use positive letter-spacing on display text — Inter at large sizes always runs negative
  • Don't use visible/opaque borders on dark backgrounds — borders should be whisper-thin semi-transparent white
  • Don't skip the OpenType features ("cv01", "ss03") — without them, it's generic Inter, not Linear's Inter
  • Don't use weight 700 (bold) — Linear's maximum weight is 590, with 510 as the workhorse
  • Don't introduce warm colors into the UI chrome — the palette is cool gray with blue-violet accent only
  • Don't use drop shadows for elevation on dark surfaces — use background luminance stepping instead

8. Responsive Behavior

Breakpoints

Name Width Key Changes
Mobile Small <600px Single column, compact padding
Mobile 600–640px Standard mobile layout
Tablet 640–768px Two-column grids begin
Desktop Small 768–1024px Full card grids, expanded padding
Desktop 1024–1280px Standard desktop, full navigation
Large Desktop >1280px Full layout, generous margins

Touch Targets

  • Buttons use comfortable padding with 6px radius minimum
  • Navigation links at 13–14px with adequate spacing
  • Pill tags have 10px horizontal padding for touch accessibility
  • Icon buttons at 50% radius ensure circular, easy-to-tap targets
  • Search trigger is prominently placed with generous hit area

Collapsing Strategy

  • Hero: 72px → 48px → 32px display text, tracking adjusts proportionally
  • Navigation: horizontal links + CTAs → hamburger menu at 768px
  • Feature cards: 3-column → 2-column → single column stacked
  • Product screenshots: maintain aspect ratio, may reduce padding
  • Changelog: timeline maintains single-column through all sizes
  • Footer: multi-column → stacked single column
  • Section spacing: 80px+ → 48px on mobile

Image Behavior

  • Dashboard screenshots maintain border treatment at all sizes
  • Hero visuals simplify on mobile (fewer floating UI elements)
  • Product screenshots use responsive sizing with consistent radius
  • Dark background ensures screenshots blend naturally at any viewport

9. Agent Prompt Guide

Quick Color Reference

  • Primary CTA: Brand Indigo (#5e6ad2)
  • Page Background: Marketing Black (#08090a)
  • Panel Background: Panel Dark (#0f1011)
  • Surface: Level 3 (#191a1b)
  • Heading text: Primary White (#f7f8f8)
  • Body text: Silver Gray (#d0d6e0)
  • Muted text: Tertiary Gray (#8a8f98)
  • Subtle text: Quaternary Gray (#62666d)
  • Accent: Violet (#7170ff)
  • Accent Hover: Light Violet (#828fff)
  • Border (default): rgba(255,255,255,0.08)
  • Border (subtle): rgba(255,255,255,0.05)
  • Focus ring: Multi-layer shadow stack

Example Component Prompts

  • "Create a hero section on #08090a background. Headline at 48px Inter Variable weight 510, line-height 1.00, letter-spacing -1.056px, color #f7f8f8, font-feature-settings 'cv01', 'ss03'. Subtitle at 18px weight 400, line-height 1.60, color #8a8f98. Brand CTA button (#5e6ad2, 6px radius, 8px 16px padding) and ghost button (rgba(255,255,255,0.02) bg, 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08) border, 6px radius)."
  • "Design a card on dark background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02) background, 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08) border, 8px radius. Title at 20px Inter Variable weight 590, letter-spacing -0.24px, color #f7f8f8. Body at 15px weight 400, color #8a8f98, letter-spacing -0.165px."
  • "Build a pill badge: transparent background, #d0d6e0 text, 9999px radius, 0px 10px padding, 1px solid #23252a border, 12px Inter Variable weight 510."
  • "Create navigation: dark sticky header on #0f1011. Inter Variable 13px weight 510 for links, #d0d6e0 text. Brand indigo CTA #5e6ad2 right-aligned with 6px radius. Bottom border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.05)."
  • "Design a command palette: #191a1b background, 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08) border, 12px radius, multi-layer shadow stack. Input at 16px Inter Variable weight 400, #f7f8f8 text. Results list with 13px weight 510 labels in #d0d6e0 and 12px metadata in #62666d."

Iteration Guide

  1. Always set font-feature-settings "cv01", "ss03" on all Inter text — this is non-negotiable for Linear's look
  2. Letter-spacing scales with font size: -1.584px at 72px, -1.056px at 48px, -0.704px at 32px, normal below 16px
  3. Three weights: 400 (read), 510 (emphasize/navigate), 590 (announce)
  4. Surface elevation via background opacity: rgba(255,255,255, 0.02 → 0.04 → 0.05) — never solid backgrounds on dark
  5. Brand indigo (#5e6ad2 / #7170ff) is the only chromatic color — everything else is grayscale
  6. Borders are always semi-transparent white, never solid dark colors on dark backgrounds
  7. Berkeley Mono for any code or technical content, Inter Variable for everything else